This ensures I’ll be able to search and find them easier later. When downloading contemporary journal articles from JSTOR or full texts from the Internet Archive, for example, I’ll often name my files by “author_title_year.pdf” before I put them in the appropriate folders. Here again, it’s best to keep a consistent pattern for easier recall. This also requires some preliminary decision-making, especially when naming files. Of course, creating space on your computer for research files is not the same thing as populating your folders with content. And as I’ll discuss in a moment, this general organization scheme also works because there are citation programs that allow you to connect a single file to multiple projects, negating the need to organize your original files by research tasks. I opt to organize my material this way and not by project in part because I prefer to have complete control over the location of my sources. My “Archival” folder is actually parsed even further, containing a folder for every repository I visit, and within those folders are separate folders for each collection. On my hard drive is a master folder labeled “Research,” inside of which are two more folders named “Primary” and “Secondary Sources.” In my “Primary Sources” folder are a host of other folders relevant to the material I most often use such as “Annual Reports-Proceedings,” “Directories,” and “Archival Sources,” where I finally place my PDFs, photographs, and files. I, for example, prefer to organize my files by document type. Before you download an article from JSTOR or upload a photograph from an archive, you should devise a file structure in advance that outlines how you will store not only the material you have now, but also the sources you will acquire later. But every digital workflow begins with managing the files we put on our computers. The workflow you choose will depend on your proclivities as a researcher and the kinds of materials you use. Just as there is no single perfect, catch-all research method, there is no single “right” digital workflow. ![]() In the end, every good digital workflow ultimately comes down to two activities historians have long engaged in: managing our files, and organizing our citations. While the forms this work takes might be new, the principles that guide their organization are as old as the index card. Databases and asset-management systems can help store the digital content historians now acquire, while bibliographic software can connect that material with our writing and research. While such a process on its face might seem as bewildering as the proliferation of primary sources themselves, there are thankfully a number of tools and tactics that can facilitate the organization of our increasingly digital research archives. Given this deluge of digital primary sources, it is incumbent upon today’s historians to establish a digital workflow that manages it all. The change in the types of materials historians use has also been accompanied with an increased scale of abundance, as a single scholar can now download in an afternoon what some scholars acquired in a lifetime. Notecards, photocopies, and microfilms have been largely replaced by PDFs, jpegs, and searchable databases. While scholars once primarily trafficked in material objects, historians now work with a great deal of digital material. But his preferred method for organizing his research has undergone a revolution in the last decade. So much of the advice this generous historian gave me turned out to be right. “Make sure you organize your cards early,” he advised, proudly thumbing through thirty years’ worth of 3” x 5” notecards. It soon became clear, however, that he was referencing the index-card cabinets that sat on his shelf. When the conversation turned to research, this established scholar pointed to his bookshelf and pronounced, “One day you too will have these things filling your shelves.” At first I thought he was talking about a row of published work. One historian in particular was very generous with his time, talking with me in his office for over an hour about writing, teaching, and the academy. As a newcomer, I was eager to heed any advice these senior scholars might offer. One of the first things I did when I started graduate school in 2003 was to contact a number of established historians whose work I admired. ![]() From Index Cards to Text Files: Digital Workflows for Today’s Historian Chris D.
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